|
 |
|
ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2020 | Volume
: 24
| Issue : 2 | Page : 91-95 |
| |
Sociodemographic profile of workers in the mining industry of Jodhpur district in Rajasthan, India
Pankaja Raghav, Abhishek Jaiswal, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Saranya Rajavel, Diksha Dhupar
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| Date of Submission | 23-Dec-2019 |
| Date of Decision | 14-Apr-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 29-Apr-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 19-Aug-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Prof. Pankaja Raghav
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, 2nd Floor, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Basni Industrial Area, MIA, 2nd Phase, Basni, Jodhpur - 342 005, Rajasthan
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_288_19
Introduction: Mining industry has grown sharply to satisfy demands of metal and minerals for rising infrastructure. Mining is hazardous, although it is among major occupations in India involving large work force. This study was conducted to assess sociodemographic profile of sandstone mine workers in Jodhpur and to identify their major social issues. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among mine workers of Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Data on socioeconomic status, and occupation of each family member were collected. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software program, version 23.0. A value of P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: A total of 1604 workers were enrolled in study. More than three fourth (78.7%) of them were male. Their age ranged between 14 and 82 years with a mean age of 37.62 ± 12.30 years. Mean age of female workers was significantly higher than of male workers. Average years of working for males were significantly higher than females. Majority were illiterate, proportion being higher in females. Approximately 13% mine workers married before legal age. Approximately 2.68% children under 14 years of age were involved in income generation activity. Conclusion: More than three fourth of workers were male. Mean age of female workers was significantly higher than males. Illiteracy, child marriage, and child labor were present among mine workers. Strengths and Limitations: Robust dataset, complete enumeration, large sample size.
Keywords: Females, health status disparities, mining, occupational health, silicosis
How to cite this article:
Raghav P, Jaiswal A, Gupta MK, Rajavel S, Dhupar D. Sociodemographic profile of workers in the mining industry of Jodhpur district in Rajasthan, India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2020;24:91-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Raghav P, Jaiswal A, Gupta MK, Rajavel S, Dhupar D. Sociodemographic profile of workers in the mining industry of Jodhpur district in Rajasthan, India. Indian J Occup Environ Med [serial online] 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 22];24:91-5. Available from: https://www.ijoem.com/text.asp?2020/24/2/91/292613 |
| Introduction | |  |
Importance of mining has increased precipitously to provide for the demand of metal and minerals for the emerging infrastructure.[1] Although mining is a dangerous occupation, it is among one of the major occupations in India involving huge work force which is going to grow in near future.[2] Approximately 90% sandstone in India is acquired from the land of the state of Rajasthan. There are approximately 30,000 mines in Rajasthan, in which more than 2.5 million people are employed. Miners are involved in various activities in mines that expose them to high levels of silica dust for prolonged periods of time.[1]
Although there are studies carried out on mine workers in Jodhpur, they focused on disease aspects.[3] It has been proved that mine workers, especially males, are usually exposed to silica since childhood, and die due to silicosis at quite early age.[4]
This study was carried out with the aim to assess the sociodemographic profile of sandstone mine workers in Jodhpur and to identify their social issues.
| Material and Methods | | |
Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted (April 2018 to March 2019) in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan. Study was carried out in the residential area of mine workers. Mine owners of all selected mines were contacted, explained about study and rapport was established. All the mine workers who were present during survey were included and informed consent taken. Semi-structured questionnaire was used which collected data on selected sociodemographic variables (age/gender/education status/marital status/age at marriage/occupation, etc.) of workers and his family members. Study was approved by Institutes Ethical Committee of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software program, version 23.0, appropriate tables and graphs were prepared, and inferences were drawn using Chi-square and t test. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
| Results | | |
A total of 1604 mine workers were enrolled in study [Table 1]. More than three fourth 1263 (78.7%) of them were male. Age of mine workers was normally distributed [Supplementary Figure 1]. Mean age of female workers was significantly higher than mean age of male workers. Widowhood was significantly higher among female workers, whereas proportion of unmarried was significantly higher among males. In the study population 212 (13.22%) mine workers got married below the legal age of marriage (21 for male and 18 for female). Child marriage was significantly higher among females (85, 24.92%) compared to males (127, 10.05%). More than half of the mine workers were illiterate 856 (53.4%); illiteracy was significantly higher among females (294, 86.2%) compared to males (562, 44.5%).
It is evident from [Table 2] that approximately two third 1003 (62.6%) of the workers were working for >10 years in mines. Average years of working for males were significantly higher than females. Mean age of entry into mines for male workers (20.33 ± 6.69) was significantly lower than female workers (24.59 ± 8.52). Workers started working in mines from 9 years of age to 62 years of age.
[Table 3] depicts that 110 (6.9%) mine workers were living alone. As much as 124 (7.7%) workers were having only one family member in their house. It is evident from [Supplementary Figure 2] and [Supplementary Figure 3] that the other family member for majority (82.1%) of male workers was their wife followed by parents (8.4%), brother (4.2%), son/grandson (3.1%), and daughter (2.1%), whereas for most of the female workers (45%) the other family member was son/grandson followed by husband (38%), daughter (14%) and mother-in-law (3%). This average family size was significantly large for male workers (4.87 ± 1.93) as compared to female workers (4.23 ± 1.98). Approximately 40% of the mine workers were having at least one more family member as mine worker. Among family members of female mine workers 205 (68.10%) families had at least one member working as a mine worker which is significantly higher compared to family members of male mine workers 384 (32.20%) [Table 3]. | Table 3: Family attributes of mine workers according to gender distribution (n=1604)
Click here to view |
[Table 4] shows the age and sex distribution of family members of mine workers.
[Table 5] depicts that 2.68% children under 14 year of age were involved in income generation activity. Child labor was significantly more prevalent among male children aged between 14 and 18 years. Among children of mine worker, significantly lower proportion of girls (609, 37.80%) were enrolled in schools compared to boys (769, 41.54%) (P = 0.0248). | Table 5: Involvement of children of mine workers in income generating activities
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Demographic and occupational profiling of mine workers
In this study, majority of workers were males. Similar finding was reported by Shamim et al.[5] in Rajasthan. Different gender distribution (55.1% males and 44.9% females) has been observed by Tiwari[6] among quartz stone workers.
In this study, majority of workers were working in mines for more than 10 years. Nandi et al.[7] have also reported similar level of work experience among mine workers. Contrary to this, Rajashekar et al.[8] have reported that the majority of the mine workers in Karnataka had total work experience of 5 years. Mean years of working in this study was 16.71 ± 9.72 years which is lower than reported by Shamim et al.[5] Mine workers were involved in various activities in mines from drilling, blasting, cutting of stones to carrying the stones, loading stones in vehicles, and cleaning of waste material.
Social issues of mine workers
Illiteracy
More than half of participants were illiterate in our study. Higher level of illiteracy among mine workers in North India has also been reported by other studies.[9] Mine workers of Southern part of India had relatively better educational status.[8] Proportion of illiteracy was significantly higher among female workers compared to male. Study also highlights that among family members of workers, more than half of the children between 14 and 18 year age group were dropped out from schools. This proportion of dropouts was significantly more for girls, which is opposite to the findings reported by the Government of India.[10]
Child marriage
India has maintained laws against child marriage since 1929, but still child marriage is quite prevalent in certain areas of the country.[11] It was observed that 13.22% mine workers got married below the legal age of marriage (21 for male and 18 for female) in our study, and this was significantly higher among female workers. This figure is quite lower than proportion reported by National Family Heath Survey 4th round (NFHS IV) for both males and females for rural Rajasthan.[12]
Female mine workers
Mean age of female workers was significantly higher than male workers. This could be due to late age of entry into mining work, as evident by significantly higher age of entrant in female workers as compared to the male workers. This may be due to the reason that females start working in mines to fulfil their financial needs only after marriage, when their husband got diseased or died due to silicosis, and they have several children to care for.[13] This statement can be supported by fact that proportion of widowhood was significantly higher among female workers (6.4%), compared to male workers (0.2%), and mean years of working was significantly lower among female workers compared to male workers. Among two-member family of male workers, other member who was living with them was wife for majority (82.1%), whereas husbands as other family member were only among 38% of the female workers living in two-member family. This also supports the finding that wives join work after husband could no longer support them because of illness/death.
Recently significant strides have been taken by Government of Rajasthan in this direction by launching the Silicosis Policy on October 3, 2019. As per this policy, widow of a mine workers died due to silicosis will get all the social security benefits from state government including a monthly pension of up to Rs. 1500.[14]
Child labor
Child labor is physically, mentally, socially, and morally dangerous and harmful to children, and also negatively relates to school attendance and learning.[15] Although there is a provision of a free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 years of age, and prohibition of employment of children between 14 and 18 years of age in hazardous occupations in Constitution of India, child labor is quite prevalent in India.[16] Children are forced into labor and sometimes in hazardous occupations due to poverty and to pay family debt.[17] Child labor was also seen in the study area. This finding is well-supported by the prevalence of child labor reported in 2011 census survey of the country.[16] A substantial contribution of child labor force among mine workers has also been highlighted by Murlidhar.[4] The existence of child labor in mining industry is to supplement earning of parents.[18]
Elderly mine workers
Mining is hazardous occupation and not safe workplace for elderly. As much as 7.1% mine workers were elderly in this study. These findings are in accordance to the findings reported by other studies.[19]
| Conclusion | | |
More than three fourth of the mine workers were male. Approximately 7% of the mine workers were in elderly age group. Mean age of female workers was significantly higher than males. Illiteracy, child marriage, and child labor were present among mine workers. Also, among children of mine worker, significantly lower proportion of girls were enrolled in schools compared to boys.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | |
| 2. | Cho KS, Lee SH. Occupational health hazards of mine workers. Bull World Health Organ 1978;56:205-18.  |
| 3. | Singh SK, Chowdhary GR, Purohit G. Assessment of impact of high particulate concentration on peak expiratory flow rate of lungs of sand stone quarry workers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2006;3:355-9. |
| 4. | Murlidhar V. An 11-year-old boy with silico-tuberculosis attributable to secondary exposure to sandstone mining in central India. BMJ Case Rep [Internet] 2015;2015. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2015-209315. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4480122/. [Last accessed on 2019 Oct 07]. |
| 5. | Mohamed N, Shamim M, Waheeb A, Tariq P. Silicosis, a monumental occupational health crisis in Rajasthan - An epidemiological survey. Int J Res - Granthaalayah 2017;5:554-83. |
| 6. | Tiwari RR, Sharma YK, Saiyed HN. Peak expiratory flow and respiratory morbidity: A study among silica-exposed workers in India. Arch Med Res 2005;36:171-4. |
| 7. | Nandi SS, Dhatrak SV, Chaterjee DM, Dhumne UL. Health survey in gypsum mines in India. Indian J Community Med 2009;34:343-5. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 8. | Rajashekar S, Sharma P. Morbidity among mine workers: A cross sectional study in Chitradurga, Karnataka, India. Int J Community Med Public Health 2017;4:378-84. |
| 9. | Yadav SP, Anand PK, Singh H. Awareness and practices about silicosis among the sandstone quarry workers in desert ecology of Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. J Hum Ecol 2011;33:191-6. |
| 10. | Annual average drop-out rate of girls is lesser than drop-out rate of boys at secondary level. Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development [Internet]. [Last accessed on 2019 Oct 12]. |
| 11. | Prevalence of Child Marriage and its Impact on the Fertility and Fertility Control Behaviors of Young Women in India [Internet]. [Last accessed on 2019 Oct 12]. |
| 12. | |
| 13. | Tears of Dust, A Study of Women Labourers in the Mines of Makrana and Jodhpur. Jodhpur: GRAVIS; 1995. |
| 14. | Rajasthan government launches silicosis policy for mining workers. Jaipur News-Times of India [Internet]. The Times of India. [Last accessed on 2019 Oct 11]. |
| 15. | Ibrahim A, Abdalla SM, Jafer M, Abdelgadir J, de Vries N. Child labor and health: A systematic literature review of the impacts of child labor on child's health in low- and middle-income countries. J Public Health Oxf Engl 2019;41:18-26. |
| 16. | |
| 17. | Srivastava K. Child labour issues and challenges. Ind Psychiatry J 2011;20:1-3. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 18. | Sinha SC. The Unorganised Sector in India: Extending the Debate to Mining and Quarrying. [Internet]. Jaipur: Seminar organised by Institute of Development Studies (IDS); 2013. [Last accessed on 2019 Oct 07]. |
| 19. | Verma S, Chaudhari S. Safety of workers in Indian mines: Study, analysis, and prediction. Saf Health Work 2017;8:267-75. |
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]
|
